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STEADY STATE SIMULATION OF NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION USING ANSYS FLUENT …
Ramkumar Venkatachalam
updated on 24 Mar 2022
STEADY STATE SIMULATION OF NATURAL GAS COMBUSTION USING ANSYS FLUENT
Our aim is to perform a steady state simulation of natural gas combustion using eddy viscosity model on the 2D combustor model to analyze the mass fraction of emission, temperature distribution by varying the mass fraction of fuel using ANSYS FLUENT.
ANSYS FLUENT academic version CFD package is used to carry out the simulation. It is a user friendly interface which provides high productivity and easy-to-use workflows. Workbench contains all workflow needed for solving a problem such as pre-processing, solving and post-processing.
Combustion
Combustion is a chemical process in which a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat. The original substance is called the fuel, and the source of oxygen is called the oxidizer.
Combustion is a high-temperature exothermic redox chemical reaction between a fuel and an oxidant, usually atmospheric oxygen, that produces oxidized, often gaseous products, in a mixture termed as smoke.
Types of Combustion
There are 2 types of combustion i.e., Complete and Incomplete Combustion
Complete Combustion
When the reaction takes place in the presence of abundant Oxygen, the substances combine with Oxygen to their maximum extent. Such reactions have heat and light as a visible by-product.
Incomplete Combustion
These are defined as the reactions that occur in the absence of sufficient oxygen because of which substances are unable to burn completely. Such reactions leave Soot in the container due to this process along with the formation of Carbon monoxide which is an air pollutant.
Natural Gas
Natural gas is methane that comes from buried plants and animals which decayed and formed tiny bubbles of gas that is gathered, cleaned and used as an energy source.
Chemical composition of natural gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring gas mixture, consisting mainly of methane sourced from supply basins in western Canada, the United States and Ontario producers.
When natural gas burns, a high-temperature blue flame is produced and complete combustion takes place. Methane is CH4 and when burnt in oxygen (air) it produces heat and CO2 and water.
The balanced reaction is
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Typical combustion properties of natural gas:
Ignition Point: 564 oC
Flammability Limits: 4% - 15% (volume % in air)
Theoretical Flame Temperature (stoichiometric air/fuel ratio): 1953 oC
Maximum Flame Velocity: 0.36 m/s
Chemical Kinetics
Chemical kinetics is the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions. It is to be contrasted with thermodynamics, which deals with the direction in which a process occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate.
Combustion models for CFD
Combustion being the integral part of various engineering applications like: internal combustion engines, aircraft engines, rocket engines, furnaces, and power station combustors, combustion manifests itself as a wide domain during the design, analysis and performance characteristics stages of the above-mentioned applications. With the added complexity of chemical kinetics and achieving reacting flow mixture environment, proper modeling physics has to be incorporated during computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of combustion.
CFD modeling of combustion calls upon the proper selection and implementation of a model suitable to faithfully represent the complex physical and chemical phenomenon associated with any combustion process. The model should be competent enough to deliver information related to the species concentration, their volumetric generation or destruction rate and changes in the parameters of the system like enthalpy, temperature and mixture density. The model should be capable of solving the general transport equations for fluid flow and heat transfer as well as the additional equations of combustion chemistry and chemical kinetics incorporated into that as per the simulating environment desired.
Combustion Modelling in ANSYS Fluent
Based on models Based on Reactions
Based on Turbulent Chemistry Interaction (TCI)
Problem – Natural Gas Combustion on a 2D Combustor Model
Natural gas combustion using eddy viscosity model on the 2D combustor model by varying the mass fraction of fuel by adding water content to analyze the temperature distribution, mass fraction of CO2, H2O, CH4, N2, O2, NOx emissions & Soot formation across the combustor model and discuss the results.
Fuel-Air mixture chosen for the problem – Natural Gas (CH4) – Air (O2)
Species involved in the combustion process - CO2, H2O, CH4, N2, O2, NOx emissions & Soot formation.
1. In the process, firstly the 3D geometry is imported in SpaceClaim and suitable operations are done such as split body, combine faces to convert it to 2D flow domain.
2. Meshing is done in order to study the flow and all the boundaries are named respectively. Also checked the mesh quality is good enough to carry out the simulation.
3. Solver type, the initial and boundary condition, suitable turbulence model are defined as per the problem.
4. In the current problem there are 5 cases defined with changes in fuel mass fraction and water content in fuel from 5% to 30 % with inlet air and fuel velocity of 0.5 m/s and 80 m/s respectively.
5. In this case k-epsilon turbulence is used as the flow is turbulent.
6. The species model, fuel, oxidizer, soot model is chosen for the combustion simulation.
7. The contours of temperature, mass fraction of all the species involved in the chemical reaction are initiated in order to visualize and validate the essential features.
The 3D geometry of Combustor Model is imported in SpaceClaim and the cleanup is done as per the figure given below.
3D Geometry – Combustor Model
Fig: Geometry
Modified Geometry and 2D Flow Domain – Combustor Model
Fig: Modified Geometry
Fig: 2D Flow Domain
Mesh
Fig: Mesh Fig: Close-up view
Fig: Mesh Quality
Fig: Boundaries for the complete domain
4. k-epsilon turbulence with standard model along with standard wall function is used for the analysis as the flow is turbulent.
5. The species model chosen is Species Transport.
6. The NOx species model formation chosen as per the below image.
7. The soot model chosen is One-Step Soot.
8. Convergence and monitor are checked for absolute criteria of 1e-8 for all the residuals.
9. Solution methods – SIMPLE Scheme used for Pressure-Velocity coupling and the methods for Spatial Discretization are as per the below image.
10. Hybrid initialization is done. Numbers of iterations are set for running the steady simulation.
Initial Setup and Boundary Condition
Zone |
Type |
Boundary Condition |
Additional conditions (if any) |
Air Inlet |
Velocity - Inlet |
0.5 m/s |
Steady State, Pressure Based, Absolute, Axis-symmetric
Switched ON Energy equation
Turbulence Model – k-epsilon |
Fuel Inlet |
Velocity - Inlet |
80 m/s |
|
Outlet |
Pressure - Outlet |
0 Pa |
|
Interior-Volume |
Interior |
Interior |
|
Wall |
Wall |
Stationary wall without slip |
Fig. Cell Zone Conditions & Boundaries
Fig. Air Inlet Boundary – Velocity Inlet Fig. Air Inlet Boundary – Thermal Fig. Air Inlet Boundary – Species
Fig. Fuel Inlet Boundary – Velocity Inlet Fig. Fuel Inlet Boundary – Thermal Fig. Fuel Inlet Boundary – Species
Fig: Residuals - Baseline
Fig: Temperature Contour
Fig: Temperature Plot
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Plot of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of Soot
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of Soot
Fig: Residuals
Fig: Temperature Contour
Fig: Temperature Plot
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Plot of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of Soot
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of Soot
Fig: Residuals
Fig: Temperature Contour
Fig: Temperature Plot
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Plot of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of Soot
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of Soot
Fig: Residuals
Fig: Temperature Contour
Fig: Temperature Plot
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Plot of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of Soot
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of Soot
Fig: Residuals
Fig: Temperature Contour
Fig: Temperature Plot
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Plot of CO2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of H2O
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of CH4
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of N2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of O2
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of NOx
Fig: Mass Fraction Contour of Soot
Fig: Mass Fraction plot of Soot
Study Results – Combustion of Natural Gas
6. CONCLUSION
1. Convergence plot shows that the residuals are oscillating in all cases but the fluctuation remains steady after around 200-300 iterations, hence can be considered as converged solution in all cases.
2. The fuel (CH4) mass fraction is reduced from 1 to 0.7 and water content is increased from 0 to 30 percent in the 5 cases taken into account.
3. Simulation results shows that maximum temperature attained is about 2400 K in baseline case 1 i.e., without any water content.
4. NOx is formed by different pathways such as Thermal NOx, Prompt NOx, Fuel NOx, N2O Intermediate.
5. The mass fraction of species such as N2, O2 are almost constant whereas the CO2 content has reduced very little in third decimal from case 1 to case 3 and again the case 4 has increased as the temperature is also increased.
7. REFERENCES
1. https://cfdflowengineering.com/cfd-modeling-pollutants-nox-sox-and-soot/
2. https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/ug/node651.htm
3. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/combst1.html
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